DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE
2023-2024 academıc year Curriculum
Course Contents
Compulsory Courses
ARCH 1110 Basic Design in Architecture I
The aim of this course is to introduce students to the culture and practices of design and help them explore and experience the fundamental approaches, skills and knowledge of the field. Students will learn basic design elements such as form, color, texture, structure and material, while conducting critical studies in relevant concepts such as perception, movement, narrative and temporality. Here, the aim is to help students gain a critical understanding of design, generate unique design approaches and develop ways to realize them through systemic thinking and decision-making processes. The course content is structured through hands-on exercises, theoretical presentations and briefs, and excursions in order to achieve the learning outcomes and aims of the course. The course is conducted as a studio environment in which “learning by doing” is crucial.
ARCH 1113 Architectural Geometry and Drawing
The aim of this course is to introduce students to the fundamental principles of architectural geometry, the basic techniques used for generating and transforming geometric shapes, the parametric design and the descriptive geometry by methods of drawing. It is also intended to improve the students’ perception skills of geometric forms two-and three-dimensionally. The course content covers; Platonic and Archimedean Solids; mesh surfaces and geodesic spheres; planar and spatial transformations; curved surfaces; freeform surfaces; parametric modeling and projections.
ARCH 1114 Building Technologies I: Structural Systems and Construction
The aim of the course is to introduce students to the technical drawing conventions and two-dimensional presentation techniques that are used as the modes of architectural representation, to building materials and construction methods, and make them test the acquired knowledge via physical models. This course provides the students with the introductory level knowledge about building structures and construction systems. It facilitates students association of the lecture contents with observed behavior in physical models.
ARCH 1115 Introduction to Architecture
This course aims to introduce the students to the basic vocabulary and principles of architecture as a specialized discipline with interdisciplinary links. The course covers examples from various cultures and historical periods to provide a visual repertoire for the comparative analysis of the built environment in its discursive, social, cultural, technological and spatial context.
ARCH 1120 Basic Design in Architecture II
Based on the knowledge and skills gained in Basic Design in Architecture I, the focus of this course is spatial organization. Students gain an understanding of scale and proportion and investigate such spatial elements as structure and materials as well as light and color in an environmental context. By means of model making they understand the role of surfaces, solids and voids, computational design tools, and physical and perceptual dimensions of space in relation to specific programs, activities and contexts. Emphasis is placed on systematic decision making processes in producing, combining and multiplying spatial elements. The course content is structured through hands-on exercises, theoretical presentations and briefs, and excursions in order to achieve the learning outcomes and aims of the course. The course is conducted as a studio environment in which ͞”learning by doing” is crucial.
ARCH 1122 History and Theories of Architecture and Urbanism I
This global survey course aims to introduce the students to the history and theories of architecture and urbanism that address the pre-modern period from the earliest settlements until the fifteenth century. The survey covers both Western and non-Western geographies including Europe, the Americas, the Islamic world and the Far-East with special emphasis on the architecture of Seljuk and Ottoman Empires.
ARCH 2210 Architectural Design I
The course aims to cultivate an understanding of the interrelation between materiality and architectural form/space. Throughout the semester students will develop two projects. First project requires to develop a small scaled space with a structural challenge, the second one focuses on a flow of closed, semi-open and open spaces constructed through lightweight structures on a large landscape at the skirts of the city.
ARCH 2211 Introduction to Computational Design
The course consists of fundamentals of computational design media for associating algorithms and parameters of architectural design tasks. The course aims to introduce students to the fundamentals of computational design techniques, algorithmic principles of existing objects and spaces, associate algorithmic way of thinking for fundamental elements of spaces such as slabs, walls, structure, skin, and to explain how to model a space from beginning until the end of digital manufacturing process using the computational tools.
ARCH 2217 Building Technologies II: Materials and Detailing
This course aims to introduce the students with the knowledge of building materials and detailing on an elementary level. This course is the continuation of ARCH 1114 Building Construction: Structures, Materials and Detailing I where issues related to building structures, materials and detailing are addressed in more detail.
ARCH 2220 Architectural Design II
The course emphasizes the significance of elaborating architectural thought while tacking issues of spatial organization and context. Throughout the semester, students will develop and submit two projects. The sites of these projects are situated in a dense urban context. The first one aims to make students consider the private spaces in architectural production, the second one focuses more on the relationship between public and private spaces.
ARCH 2221 History and Theories of Architecture and Urbanism II
The survey course addresses the early modern period from the fifteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century. By providing a wealth of visual material both from the Western and non-Western worlds, it deals with architectural and urban forms in their historical context. Students are introduced to historical architectural texts from Renaissance theorists’ works to early treatises on non-Western architectures as well as to related concepts like the Enlightenment, canon, historiography, and colonialism.
ARCH 2222 History and Theories of Architecture and Urbanism III
The aim of this survey course is to introduce the students to the historical developments of world architecture and urbanism from the 20th century to the present covering built examples and textual analyses. This course addresses the history of world architecture and urbanism from the twentieth century to date. Students are introduced to modernist and post-colonial architectural and urban developments in the Western and non-Western world with special emphasis on the Turkish Republic and the changing architectural and urban scene in the period of globalization.
ARCH 2232 Environmentally Responsive Architectural Design
The aim of this course is to explain the fundamentals of building physics and to demonstrate the integration of sustainable climate concepts in architectural design and urban planning. This course covers fundamental knowledge of building physics (heat, breeze, and moisture, sound, light, sun and wind) and building services engineering (installation concepts and components) in building design. These areas are addressed in the context of sustainable and energy efficient building plan with the final aim of achieving safe, healthy, comfortable and low-energy buildings. The integration of sustainable climate concepts in architectural design and urban planning plays the fundamental role.
ARCH 2236 Structural Basis of Architecture
The aims of this course are (1) to provide the students with a comprehensive knowledge about the principles behind the behavior of structures; and (2) to convey to the students the fundamental role of the structure in the configuration of the architectural space. The course comprises three theoretical units, each supported by model-based practice lessons. Theoretical units are Physical Principles of Structures (Statics, loads and materials); Basic Structural Elements (cable, beam, slab, column, and wall); and, Structural Systems (Frame, truss, space frame, membrane, arch, vault, dome, and shell).
ARCH 3310 Architectural Design III
The aim of the Architectural Design III is to deliver knowledge, techniques and skills that allow students to design an architectural project integrating sustainable approaches. As part of the Architecture curricula, this particular studio promotes the setting of designs where architecture has been driven by sustainable design principles.
ARCH 3324 Building Technologies III: Construction Project
The aim of the course is to provide the students with the knowledge of producing application projects of their architectural design proposals. The course content consists of investigation and comparison of design alternatives and structure systems regarding preliminary project and application project.
ARCH 3320 Architectural Design III
Based on the knowledge and skills gained in Architectural Design III, the course delivers knowledge, techniques and skills that allow the students to design an architectural project based on the principle that architectural education is an interdisciplinary act of design requiring a delicate balance between fostering creativity and incorporating complex knowledge. The studio introduces sustainably oriented design projects and provide the students with the ways to deal with the complex issues of sustainability through a series of individual and team-based design projects.
ARCH 3321 Contemporary Architectural Discourse
To understand the main themes of architectural discourse from the 1960s to date. Lectures, presentations and discussion sessions on selected themes including postmodernism, regionalism, gender, technology and space.
ARCH 3325 Building Project Management
This course presents basic concepts of construction project management such as core definitions, project phases, project participants, procurement, cost planning cycle, planning and programming of construction activities. This will in turn assist the students to become informed decision makers through the whole life cycle phase of building construction projects.
ARCH 3391 Historical Built Environments and Conservation of Architectural Heritage
The aim of this course is to provide a broad overview about conservation theory and to introduce students with theory, technique and processes for the conservation of architectural heritage. The purpose of the course is to discuss theoretical principles and architectural approaches within the old-new; traditional-contextual dialectics in different levels as single building and context scales. For this purpose; the students are expected to deepen their theoretical backgrounds in order to assess and shape conservation, architectural and design principles together through the implementation examples from both World and Turkey regarding urban infill in historic contexts, adaptation of historic buildings for contemporary architectural needs, refunction, new additions in historic buildings, protective shelters in archaeological sites.
ARCH 3331 Summer Practice: Construction Site
The aim of this course is to provide students with professional construction site experience.
ARCH 3332 Urban Planning Discourse and Practices
This course introduces the students to the basics of urban planning, laws, regulations and organizations which regulate all activities of architects and to the institutional world of planning. Students will be further using the knowledge of tools in analyzing and developing new urban settings.
ARCH 4410 Architectural Design V
This course focuses on designing complex urban and architectural projects having mixed used program and spaces in a dense urban area. In addition to the contribution of urban data, it is expected to establish economic, environmental and social inputs, which can be turned into design criteria, and social values which make balanced and mutual interactions.
ARCH 4420 Architectural Design Graduation Project
Architectural Design Graduation Project as the last studio course of the curriculum requires the students to demonstrate all the knowledge and skills that they gained throughout their education by means of architectural design proposal which is not only applicable and environmentally, socially and culturally sustainable, but also novel in terms of its conceptual and critical approach.
ARCH 4431 Summer Practice: Office
The aim of this course is to provide students with professional office experience.
Elective Courses
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND REPRESENTATION
ARCH 3150 Diagramming and Data Visualization in Architecture
This course aims to teach students the fundamentals of data visualization, creating diagrams and architectural representation techniques as well as specific diagram types and methods of visual explanations for architects. There will not be any introduction or explanation of any software or program during the courses, so students are free to use any software or hand-drawing techniques to submit their works. At first students will be introduced to the idea of data and how to search, create and gather it. Basic infographics and visual story telling will be followed by architectural analysis structure and types with visualization process of analysis results. Students then further investigate how to manipulate or create their designs with these results.
ARCH 3250 Representational Media in Architecture
This course focuses on architectural representations in such media as film, photography, and drawing. Students will be introduced to perceptual frameworks developed in other fields than architecture. Their interpretive skills will be sharpened by their exposure to visual imaginations in various media. Architecture will be discussed in different media forms and this will bring about new discussions in understanding architecture and space and generate seminal interpretations. The relation between discourse and media forms will also be discussed through texts this will bring architecture and space for students to be understood in a different context.
ARCH 3371 Architectural Modelling & Rendering
This course aims to teach fundamentals of architectural modelling and rendering both physical and digital for students to use different environments during design period and to present their final works better. Students will be taught theory and specific techniques of physical modeling, three-dimensional (3D) modeling, hand-drawn rendering, photorealistic rendering and abstract 3D visualization utilizing appropriate software each student knows how to use. Architectural modeling will be shown to students to get familiar with the idea of creative imaging, design-modeling, modeling environments and 3D thinking.
ARCH 4151 Virtual Environments in Architecture
This course aims to teach students use virtual environments effectively during their project design phase, communicating about their projects and presenting their final works. No specific modeling software will be introduced. Therefore, students are free to use any software they already know. During course students will be expected to generate and/or find different models to explore and explain spaces in virtual environments. Virtual and reality terms will be explained to students and then how to communicate and explore in virtual reality will be investigated more. Students will start their mass creation and continue with basic spaces to experience in virtual reality.
ARCH 4170 Landscape and Urban Design Strategies
Students of architecture need to have a good grasp of matters of landscape to be used in their projects; also urban design projects demand knowledge on urban planning as well as landscape design. The course aims to teach these while considering various townscape and landscape issues: vegetation, townscape elements, visual aspects of design, street furniture, etc.
ARCH 4324 Complex Generative Models in Architecture
The course aims to develop; a basic understanding of generative systems, at the same time developing fundamental computational knowledge and skills that helps in generative design applications; the ability to integrate generative design approaches in architectural design project by algorithmic methods and tools; the ability to develop an generative system which response to the external inputs. This course presents generative systems and how to apply them in architectural design problems. The students are to develop generative model that response external inputs.
ARCH 4370 Design for Specific Building Types
The aim of this course is to establish the base for understanding the specific types of buildings, the process of their projects and to show the connection between architectural theory and practice, regarding to these projects. The course focuses on design strategies in order to environmentally friendly, socially responsible, and functional designs in a selected range of building types. These may include public buildings such as museums, libraries and concert halls as well as residential types ranging from public housing to private developments. Major themes include the significance of the particularity of contextual issues and technical, cultural, social and economic circumstances. Students are encouraged to develop a critical approach to standard architectural solutions.
ARCH 4452 Digital Crafts in Architecture
The aims of this course are: -to introduce the practice of digital crafting environment within the several software, tools, and techniques. -to gain a critical understanding of digital thinking and decision-making processes and apply them in production techniques.
HISTORY, THEORY AND CRITICISM
ARCH 3260 Architecture in Turkey
This course aims to get students acquainted with the history of architecture in Turkey from the foundation of the Republic to the present. Starting in the early twentieth century, the course explores the major issues that guided the architectural discourse and practice in the country like modernity, tradition, region, identity, representation and globalism. The aim is to develop a comprehensive understanding of the architectural discourse and practice in the country, one that moves beyond essentialist identity definitions and simple binaries like modern/traditional, East/West, regional/international.
ARCH 3322 Sustainable Buildings and Cities
This course aims to develop the students’ awareness of major environmental issues and natural sources in sustainable design processes. They are exposed to the historical and theoretical frameworks of sustainable approaches in architectural and urban contexts. The unit attempts to explore the many and varied definitions and interpretations of the term “sustainability” and relate this discussion to contemporary discourse in architecture and urban planning. The course will further provide an overview of practices related to the design and planning of the built environment for sustainable development.
ARCH 3360 Ottoman Architecture
The aim of this course is to enable students to grasp social, economic, religious, cultural, constructional and design aspects of Ottoman architecture on a wide spectrum of building types; to use historic solutions in their personal contemporary designs and to expand cultural knowledge related to architecture.
ARCH 3390 Urban Space and Culture
This course aims to explore the mutual relationship between architecture and the city as a living identity. It presents cities as contexts for architecture, and views the role of architecture in defining urban spaces. The course is about understanding the urban space as a whole, and the interaction between buildings, people, and places. The course aims to enable students to discover the existing relationships between living identities of architecture and city.
ARCH 4160 Spatiality and the Art
This course aims to enhance the limits of architectural design for students with a discussion of the in-between space that is occupied by architecture and art. The course provides a general framework in which to understand contemporary architectural design from a different angle and to constitute a visual vocabulary of the students. The course has two strands that run simultaneously for the course: In the first strand, we will explore the works of artists like Richard Serra, Christo & Jeanne Claude, James Turrell, Monika Sosnowska, Olafur Elasson and Gordon Matta-Clark. Through their work students will question the assumptions regarding space, light, color, aesthetics and spatial experience. In the second strand the course will analyze architectural projects that have a strong conceptual and/or experiential base. Students will concentrate on works by established architects like Daniel Libeskind, Peter Eisenman, Frank Gehry, Peter Zumthor; as well as works by younger architectural firms from MoMa / PS1 Young Architects Program. The class will proceed with multimedia presentations and lectures followed by in-class discussions.
ARCH 4162 Vernacular Residential Architecture in Turkey
Being a significant part of their cultural heritage, students of architecture need to learn in depth about why, where, when, and how residential buildings of various types developed in Anatolia and other Ottoman lands. Ancient examples
ARCH 4363 Research Methods
The aim of this course is to prepare students to engage in architectural research and to develop students’ ability in presenting and discussing ideas based on scientific methods. The first module incorporates with general introduction to scientific way of reasoning and research. The main intent is to introduce the basic definitions as well as the main classifications in research. The second module involves in preparing a research proposal. That is the attendees are expected to derive an adequate research question which is based on key literature findings. The third module focus on executing the research. In this module, such topics as hypothesis development, data collection, and main approach to empirical work will briefly be discussed – considering the level of attendees. Finally, the forth module introduces how to prepare a scientific manuscript, mainly focusing on interpreting the research findings, and deriving conclusions.
ARCH 4391 Historic Settings and Architectural Heritage
The purpose of the course is to discuss theoretical principles and architectural approaches within the old-new; traditional-contextual dialectics in different levels as single building and context scales. For this purpose; the students are expected to deepen their theoretical backgrounds in order to assess and shape design principles through local and global examples from both World and Turkey regarding urban infill in historic contexts, adaptation of historic buildings for contemporary architectural needs, refunction, new additions in historic buildings, protective shelters in archaeological sites.
ARCH 4454 Architectural Storytelling
The course is designed in two parts. In the first part, it aims at developing visual narrative techniques for architectural design process. The students are expected to underpin the stories behind their architectural design and explore innovative tools for their visual representation. In the second part, such representation is further supported with oral presentation skills. Learning how to use architectural terminology, language and the body will help students develop confidence in oral presentation. Both visual and oral, various tools and methods that will be covered in the course will help students not only present their final project but also develop coherent thinking process. Even though learning soft wares is not one of the objectives of the course, while developing visual representation techniques, the students will be able to understand the potentials of various programs in order to have ability to choose the right one for related context.
ARCH 4461 Urban Renewal
To enable students to grasp social, economic, planning and organizational aspects of urban renewal and to associate these with its architectural dimension. The field of urban planning, types of planning and the institutional context of these and urban renewal will be explained. The functioning of the present renewal attempts in Turkey will be analyzed.
ARCH 4471 Architecture in the Margins
The aim of this course is to make students acquainted with anonymous buildings and everyday environments where means of technical and cultural sustainability take precedence over stylistic issues. Ranging from climate control in vernacular settings to survival strategies of squatter settlements and migrant neighborhoods, the course addresses issues of both technical and social/cultural nature, which remain outside mainstream architectural discourses.
ARCH 4473 Gender, Space and Culture
To reinforce students’ skills in research, critical thinking and collaborative work in considerations of the relationship between gender and the built environment. This course covers the relationship between gender identities and space within a socio-cultural context. It focuses both on the theoretical approaches to gender constructions in urban and domestic spaces and on case studies that reveal the effects of such constructions. The course is supported by slide presentations, discussions on readings and student presentations and related short films.
BUILDING TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES
ARCH 3280 Green Building Design and Assessment Systems
This course aims to provide knowledge on high performance green building design, indoor environmental quality, building energy certifications and a better understanding of the importance of energy efficiency in building and urban scale. Theoretical and operational principles of energy efficiency in buildings will be introduced. Modelling and analyzing air flow through building spaces; designing healthier, more comfortable and less environmentally destructive buildings will be thought. This course covers knowledge on green buildings: sustainable sites and land use, building energy system strategies, water efficiency, materials and resources, indoor environmental quality, solar design in urban scale. In the light of this information, assessments on green building design samples will be made. These areas are addressed in the context of green building design to healthy and low, zero plus energy buildings.
ARCH 3345 Acoustics and Lighting in Architectural Design
This course aims to provide an introduction to the theoretical foundations of lighting and acoustics in architectural design. The course is organized in two sections: The first half of the semester deals with architectural acoustics: physics of sound and human hearing; outdoor and indoor sound propagation; sound insulation, and design guidelines for acoustics and noise control. The second half is dedicated to lighting: physics of light, visual comfort, daylight, artificial lighting, shadings and lighting control systems. Lectures are integrated with specific design exercises.
ARCH 3351 Ecological Construction Techniques
The aim of this course is to make students discover ecological building materials and building techniques, with a special focus on the field of low carbon materials. Main stream materials such as timber, fiber based insulation, green concrete or bioplastics, as well as more specialized techniques such as earth, hempcrete or straw-bale will be explained in detail. The different construction techniques developed for the usage of these materials will be studied through case studies. Natural construction materials will be taught through case study of buildings. Besides, reproducibility of them in Turkish context will be evaluated. First part of the course will focus on the general properties of natural and alternative construction materials. In the second part, each lecture will focus on 1 type of material and its applications through: 1 case study presented by the lecturer and case studies made in class by the students. Students will either have to draw or make models of specific application details of the studied material. Materials such as straw-bales, hemp-lime, slip-straw, bamboo, mycelium, reclaimed materials or more conventional natural fibers reinforced concrete or bacteria grown bricks are examples of materials that will be studied. At the end of the semester, each student (or group of students) will create a small-scale model showing the usage of a specific material in an existing building.
ARCH 3380 BIM-Building Information Modeling
This course provides the student with the definition of BIM, discussion of the role of BIM in architecture and creating a building information model for an architectural design proposal.
ARCH 4323 Earthquake Resistant Buildings
The course aims to understand the nature of the seismic ground motions and their implications for the design of buildings, and the principles of the seismic design of buildings and their strong interrelationships with architectural design, to facilitate the study of architectural design strategies that consider these seismic design principles; and to promote the application of such strategies in the architecture of seismic-prone places. A strong emphasis is made -during the first part of the course- in the study of all those technical aspects involved in the seismic design of buildings, which having a great influence in their structural performance will therefore constraint the design options for architects; the second part of the course addresses the understanding of those aspects of the architectural design that will influence the quality of the seismic response, and also the development of strategies to promote, at least, to consider such aspects as an integral part of the process of designing a project, especially in its early stages.
ARCH 4353 Kinetic Architecture
The objective of the course is to introduce general design principles of kinetic structural systems used for architectural applications which have the ability to change their configurations in response to changing functional, spatial environmental needs. In this course, different types of kinetic structures will be introduced. Geometric principles, main characteristics and transformation capabilities of structural mechanisms will be analyzed via structural synthesis. Physical models in different scales will be benefited to test the transformation capabilities of the proposed structures.
ARCH 4361 Bioclimatic Architecture
The aim of this course is to explain to undergraduate level students the notion of Bioclimatic Architecture. The aim is also to teach students design strategies for an architecture in harmony with nature. Bio-climatic architecture deals with the re-unification of nature with buildings and urban environments. In order to optimal physical comfort, bioclimatic architecture manipulates natural forces in and around the buildings rather than being against them. It is mostly based on principles of vernacular architecture where buildings are in harmony with nature. New techniques are based on tested traditional methods and transferred to larger scales. This course deals with the effect of climatic conditions on buildings and the response of the latter to their environment by means of both passive and active methods. While avoiding total dependence on mechanical systems, bioclimatic architecture deals with sustainability, renewable energy issues and zero-energy and plus-energy buildings.
ARCH 4378 Building Materials
The aim of this course is to make students discover emerging innovative building materials and building techniques, with a special focus on the field of sustainable construction and material cycle. The different construction techniques developed for the usage of these materials will be studied through case studies. Innovative and alternative construction materials will be taught through case study of buildings. First part of the course will focus on properties of materials (physical, mechanical, hygro-thermal and sustainable) and main sustainable architecture strategies will be explained. During the second part of the semester, materials will be studied in detail as building materials (construction properties, thermal properties, architectural properties) through case-study based lectures. During each lecture after an introduction on the subject and the presentation of 2 or 3 examples of buildings, students will research and make case-study on the usage of a material on a specific building. At the end of the semester, physical model at small scale of a construction system with specific materials will be made by students to demonstrate their understanding of the properties of them.
ARCH 4450 Artificial Intelligence in Architecture
The course aims to deliver elementary level information on artificial intelligence; and to discuss possible contributions of artificial intelligence implementations to architectural problem solving practices. Within the content of the class following topics are intended to be covered: Possible contributions of artificial intelligence implementations to architectural problem solving practices; Training principles of artificial intelligence and role and significance of data towards solving architectural problems; Collection of data on architectural problems and their analysis using adequate techniques; Evaluation of results by sensitivity analysis.
ARCH 4480 Advanced Construction and Structural Systems
The course’s theme is Freeform Structures. The course is divided in two major units: Structure of the freeform systems and freeform-based building construction systems. The first unit addresses the study of the design principles behind the generation of freeform structures, usually related to architectural geometry. This unit covers the topics of Form-finding and Form-generation Control. The second unit addresses the problem of building a freeform structure, by focusing also in two topics: panel-based design and node-based design.
ARCH 4482 Professional Practice in Architecture
The course aims to introduce students with the knowledge and skills required for professional practices, potentials and limitations of professional environment and the topics regarding the professional ethics. The course content includes lectures by invited professionals to familiarize the students with different aspects of professional practice in architecture.
ARCH 4491 Building Envelope
The aim of this course is to emphasize the importance of building envelopes between outdoor and indoor environment. This course emphasizes the importance of building envelope. And also the effects of building envelopes to building performance. Building envelopes with various technologies and materials are investigated.
ARCH 4492 Building Performance Modeling
The course aims to; introduce the fundamental concepts of building performance simulation; familiarize the students with the common principals of simulation modelling; present the common methods of geometric performance aspects in architectural design; and enable the students to develop performance assessment strategies in architectural design. Fundamentals of building performance simulation in order to observe impacts of architectural design parameters in the conceptual design phase.
ARCH 4493 Case Studies in Construction Management
This course will follow a case-based educational approach. In this context, the building projects that can be called successful or having various problems, will be examined. Participants’ active participation during the course is extremely important for the healthy process of the course.